SFTP SSH key authentication uses a public/private key pair instead of a password. You keep the private key; the server holds your public key. When you connect, the server verifies you hold the matching private key - no password is sent.
Common key types are RSA, Ed25519, and ECDSA. Ed25519 is a modern, fast, secure default.
On the command line, load the key with ssh-add or pass it with -i. In FlowSetu's online SFTP client, paste your private key into the connection form - it is used only for that session and never stored.
Try the free online SFTP client — connect to any SFTP server from your browser, no install required.